{"id":9084,"date":"2021-08-19T11:16:14","date_gmt":"2021-08-19T09:16:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kinit.sk\/is-it-always-bad-when-you-get-hacked\/"},"modified":"2021-08-19T11:39:13","modified_gmt":"2021-08-19T09:39:13","slug":"is-it-always-bad-when-you-get-hacked","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kinit.sk\/sk\/is-it-always-bad-when-you-get-hacked\/","title":{"rendered":"Je v\u017edy zl\u00e9, ke\u010f v\u00e1s hackn\u00fa?"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

Odborn\u00edci na kybernetick\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 <\/em>odhalili v\u00e1\u017enu bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fa dieru<\/em><\/a>, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148ovala komuko\u013evek z\u00edska\u0165 vakcina\u010dn\u00e9 preukazy. T\u00e1to udalos\u0165 otv\u00e1ra t\u00e9mu tzv. etick\u00e9ho hackingu. M\u00f4\u017ee v\u00f4bec by\u0165 hacking etick\u00fd a leg\u00e1lny? Za dodr\u017eania ur\u010dit\u00fdch podmienok \u00e1no.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Len ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed a softv\u00e9rov\u00fdch produktov vznik\u00e1 bez nutnosti \u010fal\u0161\u00edch opr\u00e1v a odstra\u0148ovania bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch zranite\u013enost\u00ed. Aj aktualiz\u00e1cie na\u0161ich po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov a mobiln\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed zvy\u010dajne odstra\u0148uj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo identifikovan\u00fdch zranite\u013enost\u00ed pri ka\u017edej jednej aktualiz\u00e1cii, ktor\u00fa nain\u0161talujeme. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Kto s\u00fa etick\u00ed hackeri<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Hoci si slovo hacker \u010dasto sp\u00e1jame s niek\u00fdm, kto kon\u00e1 protipr\u00e1vne a sna\u017e\u00ed sa z\u00edska\u0165 pr\u00edstup k cudziemu po\u010d\u00edta\u010du alebo \u00fadajom pomocou r\u00f4znych typov \u00fatokov, nemus\u00ed to tak v\u017edy by\u0165. \u00dato\u010dn\u00edci, ktor\u00fdch si pod pojmom hacker v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou predstav\u00edme, sa v informa\u010dno-bezpe\u010dnostnej komunite ozna\u010duj\u00fa aj ako \u010dierni hackeri (angl. black hats). <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Existuj\u00fa v\u0161ak aj odborn\u00edci a komunity \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed namiesto zneu\u017e\u00edvania objaven\u00fdch zranite\u013enosti ich rad\u0161ej nahlasuj\u00fa. T\u00edto \u013eudia, naz\u00fdvan\u00ed aj etick\u00ed hackeri, sa stali ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eitou zlo\u017ekou zlep\u0161ovania bezpe\u010dnosti softv\u00e9rov\u00fdch produktov. Viedlo to v dne\u0161nej dobe a\u017e k zavedeniu programov \u010di organizovaniu \u0161peci\u00e1lnych s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e\u00ed (napr\u00edklad Pwn2Own<\/a>) zo strany ve\u013ek\u00fdch softv\u00e9rov\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa za cie\u013e zlep\u0161ova\u0165 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 ich produktov a odme\u0148ova\u0165 \u013eud\u00ed, ktor\u00ed im v tom pomohli. Okrem organizovania s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e\u00ed si firmy etick\u00fdch hackerov \u010dasto naj\u00edmaj\u00fa. V takom pr\u00edpade hovor\u00edme o tzv. penetra\u010dnom testovan\u00ed softv\u00e9ru, ktor\u00e9ho cie\u013eom je prenikn\u00fa\u0165 do syst\u00e9mu a odhali\u0165 tak jeho zranite\u013enosti. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Google m\u00e1 dokonca skupinu \u013eud\u00ed (Project Zero<\/a>), ktor\u00ed sa zameriavaj\u00fa na h\u013eadanie zranite\u013enost\u00ed v r\u00f4znych softv\u00e9roch aj in\u00fdch spolo\u010dnosti. Tu v\u0161ak zvolili in\u00fd pr\u00edstup a d\u00e1vaj\u00fa tvorcom 90 dn\u00ed na opravu zranite\u013enost\u00ed a t\u00fa po uplynut\u00ed tohto \u010dasu zverej\u0148uj\u00fa. Cie\u013eom je vyvin\u00fa\u0165 tlak na tvorcov softv\u00e9ru, aby zranite\u013enosti odstra\u0148ovali v \u010do najkrat\u0161om \u010dase a minimalizovali t\u00fdm \u010das na ich objavenie \u010diernymi hackermi.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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V \u010dom je tento pr\u00edstup pre n\u00e1s, be\u017en\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, zauj\u00edmav\u00fd? Ak napr\u00edklad niekto n\u00e1jde zranite\u013enos\u0165 v syst\u00e9me v zdravotn\u00edctve a nahl\u00e1si ju jej tvorcom, tak t\u00ed j\u00fa m\u00f4\u017eu odstr\u00e1ni\u0165. V opa\u010dnom pr\u00edpade by sa mohlo sta\u0165, \u017ee pr\u00edde niekto in\u00fd a zneu\u017eit\u00edm tejto zranite\u013enosti sa dozvie podrobnosti o na\u0161om zdravotnom stave, pr\u00edpadne bude manipulova\u0165 s na\u0161imi zdravotn\u00edckymi z\u00e1znamami. Tak\u00e9to pr\u00edpady sa vo svete dej\u00fa \u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ie a najm\u00e4 v obdob\u00ed pand\u00e9mie sa stalo ter\u010dom hackersk\u00fdch \u00fatokov viacero nemocn\u00edc najm\u00e4 v USA<\/a>. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Pre \u00faplnos\u0165 treba doda\u0165, \u017ee existuj\u00fa aj takzvan\u00ed siv\u00ed hackeri (angl. gray hats). T\u00edto vyh\u013ead\u00e1vaj\u00fa zranite\u013enosti aj bez s\u00fahlasu majite\u013ea syst\u00e9mu, ale ich cie\u013eom nie je (podobne ako pri etick\u00fdch hackeroch) n\u00e1jden\u00e9 zranite\u013enosti zneu\u017ei\u0165, ale na ne upozorni\u0165. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou chc\u00fa za to z\u00edska\u0165 nejak\u00fa odmenu pre seba, sna\u017eia sa pochopi\u0165 princ\u00edp fungovania syst\u00e9mu alebo len chc\u00fa pom\u00f4c\u0165 zlep\u0161i\u0165 bezpe\u010dnos\u0165, ak sa im podar\u00ed odhali\u0165 nov\u00fa zranite\u013enos\u0165.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

\n

Etick\u00e9 hackovanie v kocke<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Ako cel\u00fd tento proces funguje? Ur\u010dite by sme nechceli, aby bola zranite\u013enos\u0165 zverejnen\u00e1 hne\u010f, ako je odhalen\u00e1. Potrebujeme ju opravi\u0165, inak by mohol niekto \u010fal\u0161\u00ed pou\u017ei\u0165 t\u00fato zverejnen\u00fa zranite\u013enos\u0165 ako n\u00e1vod na vniknutie do syst\u00e9mov. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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\u0160tandardne teda etick\u00ed hackeri po\u010dkaj\u00fa, k\u00fdm spolo\u010dnos\u0165 neodstr\u00e1ni nahl\u00e1sen\u00e9 zranite\u013enosti a a\u017e potom zverejnia ich dosah, sp\u00f4sob ako ich odhalili a obvykle aj k ak\u00fdm zneu\u017eitiam mohli vies\u0165. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Trestno-pr\u00e1vna rovina etick\u00e9ho hackovania<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Napriek tomu, \u017ee samotn\u00e9 konanie etick\u00fdch hackerov nap\u013a\u0148a znaky skutkovej podstaty po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch trestn\u00fdch \u010dinov ako napr\u00edklad neopr\u00e1vnen\u00e9ho nakladania s osobn\u00fdmi \u00fadajmi alebo neopr\u00e1vnen\u00e9ho pr\u00edstupu do po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, nemus\u00ed \u00eds\u0165 o protipr\u00e1vne konanie z poh\u013eadu trestn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Od\u00f4vodni\u0165 etick\u00fd hacking ako konanie v s\u00falade s pr\u00e1vom je mo\u017en\u00e9 minim\u00e1lne dvoma sp\u00f4sobmi. Prv\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom je vyu\u017eitie \u0161pecifickej okolnosti, ktor\u00e1 ak nastane, konanie sa nepova\u017euje za trestn\u00fd \u010din (tzv. okolnos\u0165 vylu\u010duj\u00faca protipr\u00e1vnos\u0165). <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Jednou z okolnost\u00ed vylu\u010duj\u00facich protipr\u00e1vnos\u0165 je v\u00fdkon pr\u00e1va alebo povinnosti, kde mo\u017eno zahrn\u00fa\u0165 plnenie z\u00e1v\u00e4zkov zo zml\u00fav. Pr\u00e1ve toto bude \u010dast\u00fd pr\u00edpad etick\u00e9ho hackingu, ktor\u00fd sa vykon\u00e1 na z\u00e1klade vopred dohodnut\u00fdch a uzavret\u00fdch zmluvn\u00fdch podmienok (to napr\u00edklad znamen\u00e1, \u017ee firma si etick\u00e9ho hackera sama najme, aby vykonal penetra\u010dn\u00e9 testovanie jej syst\u00e9mov, pr\u00edpadne organizuje s\u00fa\u0165a\u017e s tak\u00fdmto \u00fa\u010delom).\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Druh\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom je uplatnenie tzv. materi\u00e1lneho korekt\u00edvu. Napriek naplneniu z\u00e1konn\u00fdch znakov trestn\u00fdch \u010dinov by sa mala zoh\u013eadni\u0165 aj jeho protispolo\u010densk\u00e1 z\u00e1va\u017enos\u0165. Pri menej z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdch trestn\u00fdch \u010dinoch (tzv. pre\u010dinoch) je mo\u017en\u00e9 vzh\u013eadom na nepatrn\u00fa z\u00e1va\u017enos\u0165 konania nepozera\u0165 sa na toto konanie ako na trestn\u00fd \u010din. Materi\u00e1lny korekt\u00edv pr\u00e1ve toto umo\u017e\u0148uje. Nem\u00f4\u017ee sa ale vyklada\u0165 pod\u013ea vlastn\u00e9ho uv\u00e1\u017eenia, zoh\u013ead\u0148uj\u00fa sa pri \u0148om ur\u010dit\u00e9 krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 ako sp\u00f4sob vykonania \u010dinu a jeho n\u00e1sledky; okolnosti, za ktor\u00fdch bol \u010din sp\u00e1chan\u00fd \u010di miera zavinenia p\u00e1chate\u013ea. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Predstavme si pr\u00edpady etick\u00e9ho hackingu vykonan\u00e9ho vo verejnom z\u00e1ujme, bez \u00famyslu po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd syst\u00e9m po\u0161kodi\u0165 alebo sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 ak\u00fako\u013evek \u0161kodu, s cie\u013eom upozorni\u0165 na bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 diery. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 etick\u00ed hackeri tak\u00e9to udalosti nezverejnia do odstr\u00e1nenia ch\u00fdb. Tak\u00e9to okolnosti nahr\u00e1vaj\u00fa tomu, aby bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 materi\u00e1lny korekt\u00edv uplatni\u0165. Pod\u013ea na\u0161ich vedomost\u00ed slovensk\u00e9 s\u00fady etick\u00fd hacking doteraz nerie\u0161ili. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Niekto n\u00e1s \u201ceticky\u201d hackol – ako reagova\u0165?<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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\u201cEticky\u201d hacknut\u00fd subjekt by mal v prvom rade d\u00f4vodnos\u0165 ozn\u00e1menia preveri\u0165 a komunikova\u0165 s druhou stranou.\u00a0Ak mohli by\u0165 ohrozen\u00e9 pr\u00e1va a z\u00e1ujmy jednotlivcov ako s\u00fa napr\u00edklad z\u00e1kazn\u00edci alebo ob\u010dania, tak absol\u00fatne k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e1 je transparentnos\u0165. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Informovanie o odhalenej zranite\u013enosti zo strany hacknut\u00e9ho subjektu a o jej n\u00e1prave by malo by\u0165 z h\u013eadiska transparentnosti a d\u00f4very \u00fapln\u00fdm minimom. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Oznamovanie bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9ho incidentu pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdm org\u00e1nom alebo aj\u00a0dotknut\u00fdm jednotlivcom je u\u017e v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti po\u017eiadavkou viacer\u00fdch pr\u00e1vnych predpisov z oblasti kybernetickej bezpe\u010dnosti alebo ochrany osobn\u00fdch \u00fadajov. Samozrejme, zranite\u013enos\u0165 je potrebn\u00e9 v \u010do najkrat\u0161om \u010dase odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 a do bud\u00facnosti podobn\u00fdm situ\u00e1ci\u00e1m predch\u00e1dza\u0165 d\u00f4kladn\u00fdm testovan\u00edm softv\u00e9ru vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch f\u00e1zach jeho v\u00fdvoja a \u00fadr\u017eby, a to vr\u00e1tane penetra\u010dn\u00e9ho testovania.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Odborn\u00edci na kybernetick\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 odhalili v\u00e1\u017enu bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fa dieru, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148ovala komuko\u013evek z\u00edska\u0165 vakcina\u010dn\u00e9 preukazy. T\u00e1to udalos\u0165 otv\u00e1ra t\u00e9mu tzv. etick\u00e9ho hackingu. M\u00f4\u017ee v\u00f4bec by\u0165 hacking etick\u00fd a leg\u00e1lny? Za dodr\u017eania…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":6609,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[80,82,88,93],"tags":[94],"class_list":["post-9084","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ethics-and-human-values-in-technology-sk","category-2021-sk","category-pop-science-sk","category-security-sk","tag-security-news-sk"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nJe v\u017edy zl\u00e9, ke\u010f v\u00e1s hackn\u00fa? - KInIT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kinit.sk\/sk\/is-it-always-bad-when-you-get-hacked\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Je v\u017edy zl\u00e9, ke\u010f v\u00e1s hackn\u00fa? - KInIT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Odborn\u00edci na kybernetick\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 odhalili v\u00e1\u017enu bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fa dieru, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148ovala komuko\u013evek z\u00edska\u0165 vakcina\u010dn\u00e9 preukazy. T\u00e1to udalos\u0165 otv\u00e1ra t\u00e9mu tzv. etick\u00e9ho hackingu. M\u00f4\u017ee v\u00f4bec by\u0165 hacking etick\u00fd a leg\u00e1lny? 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