{"id":10126,"date":"2021-09-30T10:13:57","date_gmt":"2021-09-30T08:13:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kinit.sk\/?p=10126"},"modified":"2021-11-18T15:09:25","modified_gmt":"2021-11-18T14:09:25","slug":"algoritmy-velkych-platforiem-potrebuju-nezavisly-dohlad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kinit.sk\/sk\/algoritmy-velkych-platforiem-potrebuju-nezavisly-dohlad\/","title":{"rendered":"Algoritmy ve\u013ek\u00fdch platforiem potrebuj\u00fa nez\u00e1visl\u00fd doh\u013ead"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Verejn\u00fd tlak n\u00fati platformy k z\u00e1v\u00e4zkom zmierni\u0165 \u0161\u00edrenie nepravdiv\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed \u010di propagandy ich algoritmami. R\u00e1znej\u0161ie opatrenia v\u0161ak neuplat\u0148uj\u00fa a externej kontrole sa sk\u00f4r br\u00e1nia. Prib\u00fadaj\u00fa preto iniciat\u00edvy vykon\u00e1vaj\u00face nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie meraj\u00face tendencie \u0161\u00edrenia nepravdiv\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed a propagandy na princ\u00edpe tzv. \u010diernej skrinky.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Algoritmy ve\u013ek\u00fdch platforiem zna\u010dne prispievaj\u00fa k \u0161\u00edreniu nepravdiv\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed online. Preferuj\u00fa toti\u017e vzru\u0161uj\u00faci, emot\u00edvny \u010di inak atrakt\u00edvny obsah pri ktorom ich pou\u017e\u00edvatelia zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa dlh\u0161ie (a teda s\u00fa viac vystaven\u00ed spe\u0148a\u017eite\u013enej reklame). Dezinform\u00e1cie, misinform\u00e1cie ale aj bulv\u00e1r \u010di in\u00e9 povrchn\u00e9 formy maj\u00fa tieto vlastnosti \u010dastej\u0161ie a preto maj\u00fa tendenciu by\u0165 odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e9 viac, ne\u017e \u201cnudn\u00fd\u201d \u010di \u201cnez\u00e1\u017eivn\u00fd\u201d kredibiln\u00fd obsah. Platformy o preferenci\u00e1ch svojich algoritmov vedia, s\u00fa v\u0161ak neochotn\u00e9 ich z\u00e1sadnej\u0161ie meni\u0165: boja sa naru\u0161enia svojich pr\u00edjmov. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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O (ne)plnen\u00ed z\u00e1v\u00e4zkov k predch\u00e1dzaniu dezinform\u00e1ci\u00ed ve\u013ek\u00fdmi platformami<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Verejn\u00fd tlak v z\u00e1padnej \u010dasti sveta n\u00fati platformy k z\u00e1v\u00e4zkom zmieri\u0165 \u0161\u00edrenie nepravdiv\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed ich algoritmami. Pr\u00edkladom tak\u00fdchto z\u00e1v\u00e4zkov v E\u00da na dobrovo\u013enej \u00farovni je Code of Practice on Disinformation<\/a>, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 by\u0165 po zisteniach regul\u00e1torov posilnen\u00fd u\u017e v tomto roku<\/a>. Tieto z\u00e1v\u00e4zky sa nesk\u00f4r pretavia aj do legislat\u00edvy v r\u00e1mci tzv. Digital Services Act<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Pri plnen\u00ed doteraj\u0161\u00edch dobrovo\u013en\u00fdch z\u00e1v\u00e4zkov v\u0161ak zatia\u013e i\u0161lo sk\u00f4r o zdr\u017eovaciu taktiku: z\u00e1v\u00e4zky s\u00fa \u0165a\u017eko merate\u013en\u00e9, kontrolovate\u013en\u00e9 \u010di vymo\u017eite\u013en\u00e9. Deklarovan\u00e9 efekty s\u00fa sk\u00f4r mal\u00e9. Platformy vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa r\u00f4zne techniky blue-washingu (\u00edre\u010ditej\u0161ie: op\u00edjanie ro\u017ekom). Platformy boli toti\u017e doteraz zaviazan\u00e9 iba k self-reportingu a pravidl\u00e1 boli navy\u0161e pr\u00edli\u0161 v\u0161eobecne definovan\u00e9. Takto si platformy mohli napr\u00edklad vybra\u0165 obdobie, z ktor\u00e9ho bud\u00fa hl\u00e1si\u0165 d\u00e1ta Eur\u00f3pskej komisii, pr\u00edpadne sp\u00f4sob agreg\u00e1cie t\u00fdchto d\u00e1t. Problematickej\u0161ie obdobia, ako napr\u00edklad \u010das pred vo\u013ebami alebo men\u0161ie krajiny ako Slovensko tak neboli samostatne vyhodnoten\u00e9. Takto dok\u00e1zali platformy z prv\u00fdch regulat\u00edv elegantne vyk\u013eu\u010dkova\u0165. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Ob\u013e\u00fabenou regul\u00e1ciou medzi platformami je tie\u017e samoregul\u00e1cia: platformy vyd\u00e1vaj\u00fa vlastn\u00e9 (niekedy spolo\u010dn\u00e9) k\u00f3dexy svojej \u010dinnosti (codes of conduct), ktor\u00e9 sa zav\u00e4zuj\u00fa dodr\u017eiava\u0165. Tieto k\u00f3dexy v\u0161ak \u010dasto zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa na pol ceste k \u017eelan\u00e9mu stavu. Ke\u010f\u017ee v\u0161ak predstavuj\u00fa \u201caspo\u0148 nie\u010do\u201d, niektor\u00fdch kritikov uml\u010dia a nech\u00e1vaj\u00fa mnoh\u00e9 aktivity skryt\u00e9 vo vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch procesoch, ktor\u00fdch v\u00fdstupy sa s\u00edce verejnos\u0165 ob\u010das dozvie, ich pravdivos\u0165 sa v\u0161ak \u010dasto ned\u00e1 overi\u0165.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Ako sa daj\u00fa robi\u0165 nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 audity na Youtube<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 audity funguj\u00fa na in\u00fdch princ\u00edpoch ako self reporting. Ide o met\u00f3du systematick\u00e9ho sk\u00famania obsahu prezentovan\u00e9ho pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom platformou. Napr\u00edklad je mo\u017en\u00e9 mera\u0165 frekvenciu odpor\u00fa\u010dania potenci\u00e1lne \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho obsahu pri r\u00f4znych podmienkach (napr. demografickom profile pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013ea \u010di jeho hist\u00f3rii na platforme). Niekedy sa audity robia v spolupr\u00e1ci s \u013eudsk\u00fdmi pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013emi, inokedy s\u00fa zapojen\u00e9 boty (naprogramovan\u00ed agenti), ktor\u00ed vystupuj\u00fa ako pou\u017e\u00edvatelia a systematicky zaznamen\u00e1vaj\u00fa reakcie platformy na svoje predprogramovan\u00e9 spr\u00e1vanie.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Pr\u00edkladom tak\u00e9hoto auditu je v\u00fdskum1<\/sup>, ktor\u00fd vyhral cenu za najlep\u0161\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nok na ve\u013emi selekt\u00edvnej vedeckej konferencii ACM Recommender Systems<\/a>. V \u0148om auditujeme platformu YouTube, o odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00ed ktorej sa vie ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo. Platforma funguje ako \u010dierna skrinka a pou\u017e\u00edvatelia nevedia, ako a na z\u00e1klade \u010doho im vide\u00e1 odpor\u00fa\u010da. V na\u0161ej \u0161t\u00fadii sme sledovali, \u010di na YouTube vznikaj\u00fa dezinforma\u010dn\u00e9 filtra\u010dn\u00e9 bubliny (filter bubbles) a \u010di sa z nich vedia pou\u017e\u00edvatelia dosta\u0165 pozeran\u00edm vide\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 dokazuj\u00fa a vysvet\u013euj\u00fa nepravdivos\u0165 predmetn\u00fdch dezinform\u00e1ci\u00ed. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 dezinfoma\u010dn\u00fdch filtra\u010dn\u00fdch bubl\u00edn na Youtube sme v na\u0161ej \u0161t\u00fadii uk\u00e1zali v pr\u00edpade zoznamov odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00fdch vide\u00ed (nie v\u0161ak vyh\u013ead\u00e1vac\u00edch v\u00fdsledkov). Zistili sme tie\u017e, \u017ee YouTube sa v \u0161\u00edren\u00ed nepravdiv\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed a zav\u00e1dzaj\u00facich vide\u00ed oproti predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facej podobnej \u0161t\u00fadii ve\u013emi nezlep\u0161il. Viac dezinforma\u010dn\u00fdch vide\u00ed o vakcin\u00e1cii sme \u010dakali aj kv\u00f4li prebiehaj\u00facej pand\u00e9mii, vo ve\u013ekom mno\u017estve sa v\u0161ak \u0161\u00edrili aj f\u00e1my o udalostiach zo septembra 2011. Na druhej strane sme svoj\u00edm v\u00fdskumom dok\u00e1zali, \u017ee pozeranie \u201cpravdiv\u00fdch\u201d vide\u00ed pomohlo skoro pri v\u0161etk\u00fdch t\u00e9mach zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 mno\u017estvo dezinform\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00fdm pou\u017e\u00edvatelia \u010delia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Obr. Uk\u00e1\u017eka z n\u00e1\u0161ho auditu odpor\u00fa\u010dania kon\u0161pira\u010dn\u00fdch t\u00e9m na Youtube. D\u00e1ta sme porovn\u00e1vali s auditom, ktor\u00fd v minulosti urobil kolekt\u00edv okolo Husseina2<\/sup>. -1 ozna\u010duje vide\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 kon\u0161pir\u00e1cie vyvracaj\u00fa, +1, ktor\u00e9 ich \u0161\u00edria.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 audity Facebooku a ich uml\u010diavanie<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n
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O tom, \u017ee sa platform\u00e1m nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 audity odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e9ho obsahu nep\u00e1\u010dia, sa u\u017e presved\u010dili nejedni v\u00fdskumn\u00edci. Ne\u010dudo, ide v podstate o odha\u013eovanie ich slab\u00fdch miest. Posledn\u00fd \u0161kand\u00e1l si sp\u00f4sobil Facebook, ktor\u00fd zmazal \u00fa\u010dty, str\u00e1nky aj aplik\u00e1cie odborn\u00edkom z Newyorskej univerzity<\/a>. T\u00edto akademici sk\u00famali transparentnos\u0165 politick\u00fdch rekl\u00e1m na Facebooku. V\u00fdskum odhalil okolo 86 tis\u00edc zav\u00e1dzaj\u00facich rekl\u00e1m, z ktor\u00fdch takmer \u0161tvrtina bola financovan\u00e1 pochybn\u00fdmi komunitami. V\u00fdskumn\u00edci na svoje zistenie vyu\u017eili dobrovo\u013en\u00edkov, ktor\u00ed im sami spr\u00edstupnili na tento \u00fa\u010del svoje d\u00e1ta. Facebook ako d\u00f4vod zatvorenia \u00fa\u010dtov cynicky uv\u00e1dza ochranu s\u00fakromia pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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\u201cKlepnutiu po prstoch\u201d sa nevyhli ani intern\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary Facebooku<\/a>. Konkr\u00e9tne t\u00edm CrowdTangle, ktor\u00fd pre\u0161iel pod vlastn\u00edctvo Facebooku. V\u010faka tomuto n\u00e1stroju na anal\u00fdzu a vyhodnocovanie facebookov\u00fdch d\u00e1t sa napr\u00edklad zistilo aj to, \u017ee extr\u00e9mnej\u0161ia pravica z\u00edskavala na Facebooku oproti in\u00e9mu obsahu pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ea pozornosti. Tieto v\u00fdsledky uk\u00e1zali Facebook ako nevyv\u00e1\u017een\u00fd zdroj s ve\u013ekou konzervat\u00edvnou komorou ozvien (echo chamber). A pr\u00e1ve tento obraz sa exekut\u00edve platformy nep\u00e1\u010dil. Niektor\u00ed z nich boli dokonca toho n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee Facebook by mal namiesto otv\u00e1rania svojich d\u00e1t na analytick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dely publikova\u0165 iba vlastnoru\u010dne a selekt\u00edvne vybran\u00e9 d\u00e1tov\u00e9 reporty. Zatia\u013e CrowdTangle svoje slu\u017eby poskytuje na\u010falej, no \u013eudia bl\u00edzki tomuto n\u00e1stroju sa ob\u00e1vaj\u00fa, \u017ee to tak nemus\u00ed by\u0165 aj v bud\u00facnosti. Facebooku toti\u017e pod\u013ea nich viac z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na zlep\u0161ovan\u00ed svojho obrazu ako bezprobl\u00e9movej platformy nad snahou re\u00e1lne rie\u0161i\u0165 probl\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 platforma m\u00e1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Vo v\u00fdskume pokra\u010dujeme<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n\n
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Na\u0161a \u0161t\u00fadia je len jedn\u00fdm z na\u0161ich pr\u00edspevkov pri boji s dezinform\u00e1ciami. Na\u0161\u00edm dlhodob\u00fdm z\u00e1merom je vytvori\u0165 n\u00e1stroje, ktor\u00fdmi bude mo\u017en\u00e9 nez\u00e1visle vyhodnocova\u0165 podiel algoritmov soci\u00e1lnych m\u00e9di\u00ed na \u0161\u00edren\u00ed dezinform\u00e1ci\u00ed. Tomu n\u00e1m pom\u00f4\u017ee aj zapojenie do konzorcia EDMO, ktor\u00e9 sa boju proti dezinform\u00e1ci\u00e1m venuje na eur\u00f3pskej \u00farovni.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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\n<\/div>\n\n
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\u00a01<\/sup>Matus Tomlein, Branislav Pecher, Jakub Simko, Ivan Srba, Robert Moro, Elena Stefancova, Michal Kompan, Andrea Hrckova, Juraj Podrouzek, and Maria Bielikova. 2021. <\/em>An Audit of Misinformation Filter Bubbles on YouTube: Bubble Bursting and Recent Behavior Changes. The ACM Conference Series on Recommender Systems<\/a>.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n

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2<\/sup>Eslam Hussein, Prerna Juneja, and Tanushree Mitra. 2020. Measuring Misinformation in Video Search Platforms: An Audit Study on YouTube.<\/a> Proc.ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.4, CSCW1, Article 048 (May 2020), 27 pages.<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Verejn\u00fd tlak n\u00fati platformy k z\u00e1v\u00e4zkom zmierni\u0165 \u0161\u00edrenie nepravdiv\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed \u010di propagandy ich algoritmami. R\u00e1znej\u0161ie opatrenia v\u0161ak neuplat\u0148uj\u00fa a externej kontrole sa sk\u00f4r br\u00e1nia. Prib\u00fadaj\u00fa preto iniciat\u00edvy vykon\u00e1vaj\u00face nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 \u0161t\u00fadie…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"featured_media":6690,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[83],"tags":[111,176,217,220,222],"class_list":["post-10126","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news-sk","tag-disinformation-sk","tag-filter-bubbles-sk","tag-social-media","tag-dezinformacie","tag-umela-inteligencia"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAlgoritmy ve\u013ek\u00fdch platforiem potrebuj\u00fa nez\u00e1visl\u00fd doh\u013ead - KInIT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Algoritmy ve\u013ek\u00fdch platforiem zna\u010dne prispievaj\u00fa k \u0161\u00edreniu nepravdiv\u00fdch inform\u00e1ci\u00ed online.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/kinit.sk\/sk\/algoritmy-velkych-platforiem-potrebuju-nezavisly-dohlad\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Algoritmy ve\u013ek\u00fdch platforiem potrebuj\u00fa nez\u00e1visl\u00fd doh\u013ead - 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