matus.pikuliak@kinit.sk
| Title, Authors, Year | Tasks | Resources | Paradigms | Multi-source | Unfocused | Zero-shot |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 75 Languages 1 Model Parsing Universal Dependencies Universally. Dan Kondratyuk, Milan Straka 2019 | dependency parsing part-of-speech tagging morphological tagging lemmatization | multilingual language model | parameter (joint learning) parameter (zero-shot) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| A Cross-lingual Annotation Projection Approach for Relation Detection. Seokhwan Kim, Minwoo Jeong, Jonghoon Lee, Gary Geunbae Lee 2010 | relation detection | parallel corpus word alignments multilingual gazetteer | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| A Knowledge-based Representation for Cross-Language Document Retrieval and Categorization. Marc Franco-Salvador, Paolo Rosso, Roberto Navigli 2014 | information retrieval text classification | multilingual ontology | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| A Multi-lingual Multi-task Architecture for Low-resource Sequence Labeling. Ying Lin, Shengqi Yang, Veselin Stoyanov, Heng Ji 2018 | named entity recognition part-of-speech tagging | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| A Multi-media Approach to Cross-lingual Entity Knowledge Transfer. Di Lu, Xiaoman Pan, Nima Pourdamghani, Shih-Fu Chang, Heng Ji, Kevin Knight 2016 | named entity recognition entity linking | information retrieval phonetic features | label (LS model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| A Multi-task Learning Approach to Adapting Bilingual Word Embeddings for Cross-lingual Named Entity Recognition. Dingquan Wang, Nanyun Peng, Kevin Duh 2017 | named entity recognition | comparable parallel corpus | parameter (zero-shot) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| A Multilingual Paradigm for Automatic Verb Classification. Paola Merlo, Suzanne Stevenson, Vivian Tsang, Gianluca Allaria 2002 | verb classification | dictionary | feature | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| A Neural Network Model for Low-Resource Universal Dependency Parsing. Long Duong, Trevor Cohn, Steven Bird, Paul Cook 2015 | dependency parsing | dictionary | parameter (joint learning) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| A Representation Learning Framework for Multi-Source Transfer Parsing. Jiang Guo, Wanxiang Che, David Yarowsky, Haifeng Wang, Ting Liu 2016 | dependency parsing | multilingual word embeddings delexicalization multilingual word clusters | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ |
| A Rich Morphological Tagger for English Exploring the Cross-Linguistic Tradeoff Between Morphology and Syntax. Christo Kirov, John Sylak-Glassman, Rebecca Knowles, Ryan Cotterell, Matt Post 2017 | part-of-speech tagging | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| A Subspace Learning Framework for Cross-lingual Sentiment Classification with Partial Parallel Data. Guangyou Zhou, Tingting He, Jun Zhao, Wensheng Wu 2015 | sentiment classification | multilingual sentence embeddings | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| A Teacher-Student Framework for Zero-Resource Neural Machine Translation. Yun Chen, Yang Liu, Yong Cheng, Victor O.K. Li 2017 | machine translation | parallel corpus | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Active Learning for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification. Shoushan Li, Rong Wang, Huanhuan Liu, Chu-Ren Huang 2013 | sentiment classification | machine translation | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Adding More Languages Improves Unsupervised Multilingual Part-of-Speech Tagging a Bayesian Non-Parametric Approach. Benjamin Snyder, Tahira Naseem, Jacob Eisenstein, Regina Barzilay 2009 | part-of-speech tagging | parallel corpus word alignments | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ |
| Adversarial Deep Averaging Networks for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification. Xilun Chen, Yu Sun, Ben Athiwaratkun, Claire Cardie, Kilian Q. Weinberger 2018 | sentiment classification | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (joint learning) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Adversarial Training for Multi-task and Multi-lingual Joint Modeling of Utterance Intent Classification. Ryo Masumura, Yusuke Shinohara, Ryuichiro Higashinaka, Yushi Aono 2018 | intent classification | parameter (joint learning) representation | ✖ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| Aligning Opinions Cross-Lingual Opinion Mining with Dependencies. Mariana S. C. Almeida, Claudia Pinto, Helena Figueira, Pedro Mendes, André F. T. Martins 2015 | opinion mining | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| An evaluation of machine translation for multilingual sentence-level sentiment analysis. Matheus Araújo, Júlio Cesar dos Reis, Adriano C. M. Pereira, Fabrício Benevenuto 2016 | sentiment classification | machine translation | label (LS model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Aspect-Level Cross-lingual Sentiment Classification with Constrained SMT. Patrik Lambert 2015 | aspect sentiment classification | machine translation | label (LT model) label (LS model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Attention-based LSTM Network for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification. Xinjie Zhou, Xiaojun Wan, Jianguo Xiao 2016 | sentiment classification | machine translation | label (parallel model) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Beto Bentz Becas The Surprising Cross-Lingual Effectiveness of BERT. Shijie Wu, Mark Dredze 2019 | text classification natural language inference named entity recognition part-of-speech tagging dependency parsing | multilingual language model | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Bilingual Active Learning for Relation Classification via Pseudo Parallel Corpora. Longhua Qian, Haotian Hui, Ya'nan Hu, Guodong Zhou, Qiaoming Zhu 2014 | relation classification | machine translation | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✓ | ✖ |
| Bilingual Word Embeddings from Parallel and Non-parallel Corpora for Cross-Language Text Classification. Aditya Mogadala, Achim Rettinger 2016 | text classification sentiment classification | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Bilingually-Constrained Monolingual Shift-Reduce Parsing. Liang Huang, Wenbin Jiang, Qun Liu 2009 | dependency parsing | parallel corpus word alignments | feature | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Bitext Name Tagging for Cross-lingual Entity Annotation Projection. Dongxu Zhang, Boliang Zhang, Xiaoman Pan, Xiaocheng Feng, Heng Ji, Weiran XU 2016 | named entity recognition | parallel corpus word alignments phonetic features | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Bleaching Text Abstract Features for Cross-lingual Gender Prediction. van der Goot, Rob, Nikola Ljubešić, Ian Matroos, Malvina Nissim, Barbara Plank 2018 | author gender prediction | delexicalization multilingual word embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Bootstrapping parsers via syntactic projection across parallel texts. Rebecca Hwa, Philip Resnik, Amy Weinberg, Clara I. Cabezas, Okan Kolak 2005 | dependency parsing | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Borrow from rich cousin transfer learning for emotion detection using cross lingual embedding. Zishan Ahmad, Raghav Jindal, Asif Ekbal, Pushpak Bhattachharyya 2020 | emotion classification | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (cascade learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Bridging the Language Gap Learning Distributed Semantics for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification. Guangyou Zhou, Tingting He, Jun Zhao 2014 | sentiment classification | multilingual sentence embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| COCO-CN for Cross-Lingual Image Tagging Captioning and Retrieval. Xirong Li, Xiaoxu Wang, Chaoxi Xu, Weiyu Lan, Qijie Wei, Gang Yang, Jieping Xu 2018 | image captioning | machine translation | label (LT model) parameter (cascade learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Can Monolingual Pretrained Models Help Cross-Lingual Classification. Zewen Chi, Li Dong, Furu Wei, Xianling Mao, Heyan Huang 2019 | sentiment classification natural language inference | multilingual language model | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Cheap Translation for Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition. Stephen Mayhew, Chen-Tse Tsai, Dan Roth 2017 | named entity recognition | dictionary | label (LT model) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Co-Training for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification. Xiaojun Wan 2009 | sentiment classification | machine translation | label (LT model) label (LS model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Combination of Multi-view Multi-source Language Classifiers for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification. Mohammad Sadegh Hajmohammadi, Roliana Ibrahim, Ali Selamat, Alireza Yousefpour 2014 | sentiment classification | machine translation | label (LT model) label (LS model) | ✓ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Combining Cross-Lingual and Cross-Task Supervision for Zero-shot Learning. Matúš Pikuliak, Marián Šimko 2020 | named entity recognition part-of-speech tagging | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Comparative experiments using supervised learning and machine translation for multilingual sentiment analysis. Alexandra Balahur, Marco Turchi 2014 | sentiment classification | machine translation | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross Language POS Taggers and other Tools for Indian Languages An Experiment with Kannada using Telugu Resources. Siva Reddy, Serge Sharoff 2011 | part-of-speech tagging | dictionary delexicalization | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross Language Text Classification by Model Translation and Semi-Supervised Learning. Lei Shi, Rada Mihalcea, Mingjun Tian 2010 | text classification | dictionary | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross Lingual Sentiment Analysis using Modified BRAE. Sarthak Jain, Shashank Batra 2015 | sentiment classification | parallel corpus | parameter (zero-shot) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross lingual opinion holder extraction based on multi-kernel SVMs and transfer learning. Ruifeng Xu, Lin Gui, Jun Xu, Qin Lu, Kam-Fai Wong 2015 | opinion holder extraction | machine translation word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Cross-Language Parser Adaptation between Related Languages. Daniel Zeman, Philip Resnik 2008 | dependency parsing | machine translation delexicalization | label (LS model) parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-Language Text Classification Using Structural Correspondence Learning. Peter Prettenhofer, Benno Stein 2010 | sentiment classification | multilingual sentence embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual Ability of Multilingual BERT An Empirical Study. K Karthikeyan, Zihan Wang, Stephen Mayhew, Dan Roth 2019 | natural language inference named entity recognition | multilingual language model | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual Alignment of Contextual Word Embeddings with Applications to Zero-shot Dependency Parsing. Tal Schuster, Ori Ram, Regina Barzilay, Amir Globerson 2019 | dependency parsing | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual BERT Transformation for Zero-Shot Dependency Parsing. Yuxuan Wang, Wanxiang Che, Jiang Guo, Yijia Liu, Ting Liu 2019 | dependency parsing | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual Dependency Parsing with Late Decoding for Truly Low-Resource Languages. Michael Schlichtkrull, Anders Søgaard 2017 | dependency parsing | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✓ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Cross-Lingual Discriminative Learning of Sequence Models with Posterior Regularization. Kuzman Ganchev, Dipanjan Das 2013 | part-of-speech tagging named entity recognition | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual Image Caption Generation. Takashi Miyazaki, Nobuyuki Shimizu 2016 | image captioning | parallel corpus | parameter (joint learning) parameter (cascade learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Cross-Lingual Induction and Transfer of Verb Classes Based on Word Vector Space Specialisation. Ivan Vulić, Nikola Mrkšić, Anna Korhonen 2017 | verb classification | multilingual ontology dictionary | parameter (zero-shot) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual Learning-to-Rank with Shared Representations. Shota Sasaki, Shuo Sun, Shigehiko Schamoni, Kevin Duh, Kentaro Inui 2018 | information retrieval | parameter (cascade learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | |
| Cross-Lingual Morphological Tagging for Low-Resource Languages. Jan Buys, Jan A. Botha 2016 | morphological tagging | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition via Wikification. Chen-Tse Tsai, Stephen Mayhew, Dan Roth 2016 | named entity recognition | Wikipedia delexicalization | parameter (zero-shot) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual Part-of-Speech Tagging through Ambiguous Learning. Guillaume Wisniewski, Nicolas Pécheux, Souhir Gahbiche-Braham, François Yvon 2014 | part-of-speech tagging | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual Sentiment Analysis Without Good Translation. Mohamed Abdalla, Graeme Hirst 2017 | sentiment classification | dictionary | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification with Bilingual Document Representation Learning. Xinjie Zhou, Xiaojun Wan, Jianguo Xiao 2016 | sentiment classification | machine translation | label (parallel model) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual Syntactic Transfer with Limited Resources. Mohammad Sadegh Rasooli, Michael Collins 2017 | dependency parsing | parallel corpus word alignments delexicalization language features | parameter (zero-shot) feature | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual Text Categorization. Núria Bel, Cornelis H. A. Koster, Marta Villegas 2003 | text classification | dictionary | label (LS model) parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings for Low-Resource Language Modeling. Oliver Adams, Adam Makarucha, Graham Neubig, Steven Bird, Trevor Cohn 2017 | language modeling | dictionary | representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Cross-language Learning with Adversarial Neural Networks Application to Community Question Answering. Shafiq Joty, Preslav Nakov, Lluís Màrquez, Israa Jaradat 2017 | question similarity | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (joint learning) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Annotation Projection for Semantic Roles. Sebastian Padó, Mirella Lapata 2009 | semantic role labeling | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Argumentation Mining Machine Translation and a bit of Projection is All You Need. Steffen Eger, Johannes Daxenberger, Christian Stab, Iryna Gurevych 2018 | argumentation mining | multilingual word embeddings parallel corpus machine translation word alignments | label (LT model) parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Character-Level Neural Morphological Tagging. Ryan Cotterell, Georg Heigold 2017 | morphological tagging | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✖ | ✖ | |
| Cross-lingual Coreference Resolution of Pronouns. Michal Novak, Zdenek Zabokrtsky 2014 | coreference resolution | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) feature | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Cross-lingual Dependency Parsing Based on Distributed Representations. Jiang Guo, Wanxiang Che, David Yarowsky, Haifeng Wang, Ting Liu 2015 | dependency parsing | multilingual word embeddings delexicalization multilingual word clusters | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Discourse Relation Analysis A corpus study and a semi-supervised classification system. Junyi Jessy Li, Marine Carpuat, Ani Nenkova 2014 | discourse relation detection | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Distillation for Text Classification. Ruochen Xu, Yiming Yang 2017 | text classification | parallel corpus | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Language Model Pretraining. Guillaume Lample, Alexis Conneau 2019 | natural language inference language modeling | multilingual language model machine translation | parameter (zero-shot) parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Learning of an Open-domain Semantic Parser. Kilian Evang, Johan Bos 2016 | semantic parsing | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Model Transfer Using Feature Representation Projection. Mikhail Kozhevnikov, Ivan Titov 2014 | semantic role labeling | multilingual word embeddings parallel corpus | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Name Tagging and Linking for 282 Languages. Xiaoman Pan, Boliang Zhang, Jonathan May, Joel Nothman, Kevin Knight, Heng Ji 2017 | named entity recognition entity linking | Wikipedia word alignments | label (LT model) label (LS model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Opinion Analysis via Negative Transfer Detection. Lin Gui, Ruifeng Xu, Qin Lu, Jun Xu, Jian Xu, Bin Liu, Xiaolong Wang 2014 | sentiment classification | machine translation | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Cross-lingual Projected Expectation Regularization for Weakly Supervised Learning. Mengqiu Wang, Christopher D. Manning 2014 | named entity recognition | parallel corpus | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual RST Discourse Parsing. Chloé Braud, Maximin Coavoux, Anders Søgaard 2017 | discourse parsing | delexicalization multilingual word embeddings dictionary | parameter (zero-shot) parameter (joint learning) label (LS model) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Transfer Learning for Multilingual Task Oriented Dialog. Sebastian Schuster, Sonal Gupta, Rushin Shah, Mike Lewis 2018 | intent classification | machine translation word alignments multilingual word embeddings | label (LT model) parameter (zero-shot) parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Transfer of Named Entity Recognizers without Parallel Corpora. Ayah Zirikly, Masato Hagiwara 2015 | named entity recognition | delexicalization multilingual gazetteer multilingual word clusters | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual Word Clusters for Direct Transfer of Linguistic Structure. Oscar Täckström, Ryan McDonald, Jakob Uszkoreit 2012 | dependency parsing named entity recognition | multilingual word clusters delexicalization | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual projection for class-based language models. Beat Gfeller, Vlad Schogol, Keith Hall 2016 | word class tagging | machine translation word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Cross-lingual sentiment classification Similarity discovery plus training data adjustment. Peng Zhang, Suge Wang, Deyu Li 2016 | sentiment classification | machine translation | parameter (zero-shot) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Data point selection for cross-language adaptation of dependency parsers. Anders Søgaard 2011 | dependency parsing | delexicalization | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Delexicalized Word Embeddings for Cross-lingual Dependency Parsing. Mathieu Dehouck, Pascal Denis 2017 | dependency parsing | delexicalization multilingual word embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Density-Driven Cross-Lingual Transfer of Dependency Parsers. Mohammad Sadegh Rasooli, Michael Collins 2015 | dependency parsing | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Dependency Grammar Induction via Bitext Projection Constraints. Kuzman Ganchev, Jennifer Gillenwater, Ben Taskar 2009 | dependency parsing | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Distant Supervision from Disparate Sources for Low-Resource Part-of-Speech Tagging. Barbara Plank, Željko Agić 2018 | part-of-speech tagging | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Distributional Correspondence Indexing for Cross-lingual and Cross-domain Sentiment Classification. Alejandro Moreo Fernández, Andrea Esuli, Fabrizio Sebastiani 2016 | sentiment classification | multilingual sentence embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Expanding the Text Classification Toolbox with Cross-Lingual Embeddings. Meryem M'hamdi, Robert West, Andreea Hossmann, Michael Baeriswyl, Claudiu Musat 2019 | text classification intent classification | multilingual word embeddings parallel corpus word alignments | parameter (joint learning) representation | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ |
| Exploring Distributional Representations and Machine Translation for Aspect-based Cross-lingual Sentiment Classification. Jeremy Barnes, Patrik Lambert, Toni Badia 2016 | aspect sentiment classification | multilingual word embeddings multilingual sentence embeddings machine translation | parameter (zero-shot) label (LS model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Fluency-Guided Cross-Lingual Image Captioning. Weiyu Lan, Xirong Li, Jianfeng Dong 2017 | image captioning | machine translation | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Fully Character-Level Neural Machine Translation without Explicit Segmentation. Jason Lee, Kyunghyun Cho, Thomas Hofmann 2017 | machine translation | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| Generating High Quality Proposition Banks for Multilingual Semantic Role Labeling. Alan Akbik, laura chiticariu, Marina Danilevsky, Yunyao Li, Shivakumar Vaithyanathan, Huaiyu Zhu 2015 | semantic role labeling | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Global Methods for Cross-lingual Semantic Role and Predicate Labelling. van der Plas, Lonneke, Marianna Apidianaki, Chenhua Chen 2014 | semantic role labeling | parallel corpus word alignments delexicalization | label (LT model) parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Google s Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System Enabling Zero-Shot Translation. Melvin Johnson, Mike Schuster, Quoc V. Le, Maxim Krikun, Yonghui Wu, Zhifeng Chen, Nikhil Thorat, Fernanda Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Greg Corrado, Macduff Hughes, Jeffrey Dean 2017 | machine translation | parameter (joint learning) parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ | |
| Hierarchical Low-Rank Tensors for Multilingual Transfer Parsing. Yuan Zhang, Regina Barzilay 2015 | dependency parsing | language features delexicalization multilingual word embeddings | parameter (joint learning) parameter (zero-shot) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| How Multilingual is Multilingual BERT. Telmo Pires, Eva Schlinger, Dan Garrette 2019 | named entity recognition part-of-speech tagging | multilingual language model | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Hybrid Heterogeneous Transfer Learning through Deep Learning. Joey Tianyi Zhou, Sinno Jialin Pan, Ivor W. Tsang, Yan Yan 2014 | sentiment classification | multilingual sentence embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Inducing Multilingual Text Analysis Tools via Robust Projection across Aligned Corpora. David Yarowsky, Grace Ngai, Richard Wicentowski 2001 | part-of-speech tagging named entity recognition morphological tagging | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Joint Bilingual Sentiment Classification with Unlabeled Parallel Corpora. Bin Lu, Chenhao Tan, Claire Cardie, Benjamin K. Tsou 2011 | sentiment classification | parallel corpus word alignments machine translation | label (parallel model) | ✖ | ✓ | ✖ |
| Joint Multilingual Supervision for Cross-lingual Entity Linking. Shyam Upadhyay, Nitish Gupta, Dan Roth 2018 | entity linking | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (joint learning) parameter (zero-shot) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Jointly Learning to Embed and Predict with Multiple Languages. Daniel C. Ferreira, André F. T. Martins, Mariana S. C. Almeida 2016 | text classification | parallel corpus | parameter (zero-shot) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Judicious Selection of Training Data in Assisting Language for Multilingual Neural NER. Rudra Murthy, Anoop Kunchukuttan, Pushpak Bhattacharyya 2018 | named entity recognition | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | |
| Language Transfer Learning for Supervised Lexical Substitution. Gerold Hintz, Chris Biemann 2016 | lexical substitution | delexicalization multilingual word embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Learning Bilingual Sentiment Word Embeddings for Cross-language Sentiment Classification. HuiWei Zhou, Long Chen, Fulin Shi, Degen Huang 2015 | sentiment classification | machine translation multilingual sentence embeddings | label (parallel model) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Learning Cross-lingual Distributed Logical Representations for Semantic Parsing. Yanyan Zou, Wei Lu 2018 | semantic parsing | parameter (zero-shot) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ | |
| Learning Event Expressions via Bilingual Structure Projection. Fangyuan Li, Ruihong Huang, Deyi Xiong, Min Zhang 2016 | event extraction | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) label (LS model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Learning from Multiple Partially Observed Views - an Application to Multilingual Text Categorization. Massih-Reza Amini, Nicolas Usunier, Cyril Goutte 2009 | text classification | machine translation | label (LT model) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ |
| Learning to Adapt Credible Knowledge in Cross-lingual Sentiment Analysis. Qiang Chen, Wenjie Li, Yu Lei, Xule Liu, Yanxiang He 2015 | sentiment classification | machine translation | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Learning when to trust distant supervision An application to low-resource POS tagging using cross-lingual projection. Meng Fang, Trevor Cohn 2016 | part-of-speech tagging | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Leveraging Large Amounts of Weakly Supervised Data for Multi-Language Sentiment Classification. Jan Deriu, Aurélien Lucchi, Valeria De Luca, Aliaksei Severyn, Simon Müller, Mark Cieliebak, Thomas Hofmann, Martin Jaggi 2017 | sentiment classification | parameter (joint learning) parameter (cascade learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| Leveraging Small Multilingual Corpora for SMT Using Many Pivot Languages. Raj Dabre, Fabien Cromieres, Sadao Kurohashi, Pushpak Bhattacharyya 2015 | machine translation | parameter (zero-shot) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ | |
| MT IE Cross-lingual Open Information Extraction with Neural Sequence-to-Sequence Models. Sheng Zhang, Kevin Duh, Van Durme, Benjamin 2017 | information extraction | parallel corpus | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Many Languages One Parser. Waleed Ammar, George Mulcaire, Miguel Ballesteros, Chris Dyer, Noah Smith 2016 | dependency parsing | multilingual word embeddings multilingual word clusters delexicalization language features | parameter (joint learning) parameter (zero-shot) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Massively Multilingual Neural Machine Translation. Roee Aharoni, Melvin Johnson, Orhan Firat 2019 | machine translation | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Massively Multilingual Sentence Embeddings for Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Transfer and Beyond. Mikel Artetxe, Holger Schwenk 2018 | text classification natural language inference | multilingual sentence embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Massively Parallel Cross-Lingual Learning in Low-Resource Target Language Translation. Zhong Zhou, Matthias Sperber, Alexander Waibel 2018 | machine translation | dictionary | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Mention Detection Crossing the Language Barrier. Imed Zitouni, Radu Florian 2008 | mention detection | machine translation word alignments | label (LT model) feature | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Meta-Learning for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation. Jiatao Gu, Yong Wang, Yun Chen, Victor O. K. Li, Kyunghyun Cho 2018 | machine translation | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (cascade learning) | ✓ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Metaphor Detection with Cross-Lingual Model Transfer. Yulia Tsvetkov, Leonid Boytsov, Anatole Gershman, Eric Nyberg, Chris Dyer 2014 | metaphor detection | dictionary multilingual word embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Model Transfer for Tagging Low-resource Languages using a Bilingual Dictionary. Meng Fang, Trevor Cohn 2017 | part-of-speech tagging | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Multi-Source Transfer of Delexicalized Dependency Parsers. Ryan McDonald, Slav Petrov, Keith Hall 2011 | dependency parsing | delexicalization parallel corpus word alignments | parameter (zero-shot) label (LT model) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Multi-Task Cross-Lingual Sequence Tagging from Scratch. Zhilin Yang, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, William W. Cohen 2016 | named entity recognition | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| Multi-Task Learning for Multiple Language Translation. Daxiang Dong, Hua Wu, Wei He, Dianhai Yu, Haifeng Wang 2015 | machine translation | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| Multi-Way Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with a Shared Attention Mechanism. Orhan Firat, Kyunghyun Cho, Yoshua Bengio 2016 | machine translation | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| Multilingual Constituency Parsing with Self-Attention and Pre-Training. Nikita Kitaev, Steven Cao, Dan Klein 2019 | constituency parsing | multilingual language model | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ |
| Multilingual Hierarchical Attention Networks for Document Classification. Nikolaos Pappas, Andrei Popescu-Belis 2017 | text classification | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ |
| Multilingual Language Processing From Bytes. Dan Gillick, Cliff Brunk, Oriol Vinyals, Amarnag Subramanya 2016 | part-of-speech tagging named entity recognition | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| Multilingual NER Transfer for Low-resource Languages. Afshin Rahimi, Yuan Li, Trevor Cohn 2019 | named entity recognition | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) parameter (cascade learning) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Multilingual Neural Machine Translation with Knowledge Distillation. Xu Tan, Yi Ren, Di He, Tao Qin, Zhou Zhao, Tie-Yan Liu 2019 | machine translation | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| Multilingual Open Relation Extraction Using Cross-lingual Projection. Manaal Faruqui, Shankar Kumar 2015 | relation extraction | machine translation | label (LS model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Multilingual Projection for Parsing Truly Low-Resource Languages. Željko Agić, Anders Johannsen, Barbara Plank, Martínez Alonso, Héctor, Natalie Schluter, Anders Søgaard 2016 | part-of-speech tagging dependency parsing | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Multilingual Semantic Parsing And Code-Switching. Long Duong, Hadi Afshar, Dominique Estival, Glen Pink, Philip Cohen, Mark Johnson 2017 | semantic parsing | multilingual word embeddings machine translation | parameter (joint learning) label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Multilingual Subjectivity Analysis Using Machine Translation. Carmen Banea, Rada Mihalcea, Janyce Wiebe, Samer Hassan 2008 | sentiment classification | machine translation | label (LT model) label (LS model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Near or Far Wide Range Zero-Shot Cross-Lingual Dependency Parsing. Wasi Uddin Ahmad, Zhisong Zhang, Xuezhe Ma, Eduard H. Hovy, Kai-Wei Chang, Nanyun Peng 2018 | dependency parsing | multilingual word embeddings delexicalization | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Neural Architectures for Multilingual Semantic Parsing. Raymond Hendy Susanto, Wei Lu 2017 | semantic parsing | parallel corpus | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ |
| Neural Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition with Minimal Resources. Jiateng Xie, Zhilin Yang, Graham Neubig, Noah A. Smith, Jaime Carbonell 2018 | named entity recognition | multilingual word embeddings | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Neural Networks for Cross-lingual Negation Scope Detection. Federico Fancellu, Adam Lopez, Bonnie L. Webber 2018 | negation scope detection | multilingual word embeddings delexicalization | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Neural Relation Extraction with Multi-lingual Attention. Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, Maosong Sun 2017 | relation extraction | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | |
| On Multilingual Training of Neural Dependency Parsers. Michal Zapotoczny, Pawel Rychlikowski, Jan Chorowski 2017 | dependency parsing | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| On the Cross-lingual Transferability of Monolingual Representations. Mikel Artetxe, Sebastian Ruder, Dani Yogatama 2019 | natural language inference text classification paraphrase identification question answering | multilingual language model | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✓ | ✓ |
| One Ruler for All Languages Multi-Lingual Dialogue Evaluation with Adversarial Multi-Task Learning. Xiaowei Tong, Zhenxin Fu, Mingyue Shang, Dongyan Zhao, Rui Yan 2018 | dialogue evaluation | parameter (joint learning) representation | ✖ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| One model two languages training bilingual parsers with harmonized treebanks. David Vilares, Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez, Miguel A. Alonso 2016 | dependency parsing | delexicalization | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ |
| One-Shot Neural Cross-Lingual Transfer for Paradigm Completion. Katharina Kann, Ryan Cotterell, Hinrich Schütze 2017 | paradigm completion | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ | |
| Parameter Sharing Methods for Multilingual Self-Attentional Translation Models. Devendra Sachan, Graham Neubig 2018 | machine translation | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| Parameter sharing between dependency parsers for related languages. de Lhoneux, Miryam, Johannes Bjerva, Isabelle Augenstein, Anders Søgaard 2018 | dependency parsing | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| Phonologically Aware Neural Model for Named Entity Recognition in Low Resource Transfer Settings. Akash Bharadwaj, David Mortensen, Chris Dyer, Jaime Carbonell 2016 | named entity recognition | multilingual word embeddings phonetic features | parameter (zero-shot) parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Phylogenetic Grammar Induction. Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick, Dan Klein 2010 | dependency parsing | delexicalization | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✓ | ✖ |
| Polyglot Neural Language Models A Case Study in Cross-Lingual Phonetic Representation Learning. Yulia Tsvetkov, Sunayana Sitaram, Manaal Faruqui, Guillaume Lample, Patrick Littell, David Mortensen, Alan W. Black, Lori Levin, Chris Dyer 2016 | language modeling | phonetic features language features | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Polyglot Semantic Role Labeling. Phoebe Mulcaire, Swabha Swayamdipta, Noah A. Smith 2018 | semantic role labeling | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Rapid Adaptation of Neural Machine Translation to New Languages. Graham Neubig, Junjie Hu 2018 | machine translation | parameter (joint learning) parameter (cascade learning) | ✓ | ✖ | ✖ | |
| Rediscovering Annotation Projection for Cross-Lingual Parser Induction. Jörg Tiedemann 2014 | dependency parsing | machine translation parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Selective Sharing for Multilingual Dependency Parsing. Tahira Naseem, Regina Barzilay, Amir Globerson 2012 | dependency parsing | delexicalization language features | parameter (zero-shot) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Simple task-specific bilingual word embeddings. Stephan Gouws, Anders Søgaard 2015 | part-of-speech tagging super sense tagging | dictionary multilingual gazetteer | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Soft Cross-lingual Syntax Projection for Dependency Parsing. Zhenghua Li, Min Zhang, Wenliang Chen 2014 | dependency parsing | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Solving Data Sparsity for Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis Using Cross-Linguality and Multi-Linguality. Md Shad Akhtar, Palaash Sawant, Sukanta Sen, Asif Ekbal, Pushpak Bhattacharyya 2018 | aspect sentiment classification | multilingual word embeddings dictionary | parameter (zero-shot) parameter (joint learning) feature | ✖ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Subsentential Sentiment on a Shoestring A Crosslingual Analysis of Compositional Classification. Michael Haas, Yannick Versley 2015 | compositional sentiment classification | machine translation word alignments | label (LS model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Ten Pairs to Tag -- Multilingual POS Tagging via Coarse Mapping between Embeddings. Yuan Zhang, David Gaddy, Regina Barzilay, Tommi Jaakkola 2016 | part-of-speech tagging | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Three Strategies to Improve One-to-Many Multilingual Translation. Yining Wang, Jiajun Zhang, Feifei Zhai, Jingfang Xu, Chengqing Zong 2018 | machine translation | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✓ | ✖ | |
| Token and Type Constraints for Cross-Lingual Part-of-Speech Tagging. Oscar Täckström, Dipanjan Das, Slav Petrov, Ryan McDonald, Joakim Nivre 2013 | part-of-speech tagging | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Transfer Learning across Low-Resource Related Languages for Neural Machine Translation. Toan Q. Nguyen, David Chiang 2017 | machine translation | parameter (cascade learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | |
| Transfer Learning for Low-Resource Neural Machine Translation. Barret Zoph, Deniz Yuret, Jonathan May, Kevin Knight 2016 | machine translation | parameter (cascade learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ | |
| Transfer Learning for Sequence Tagging with Hierarchical Recurrent Networks. Zhilin Yang, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, William W. Cohen 2017 | named entity recognition | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ | |
| Unicoder A Universal Language Encoder by Pre-training with Multiple Cross-lingual Tasks. Haoyang Huang, Yaobo Liang, Nan Duan, Ming Gong, Linjun Shou, Daxin Jiang, Ming Zhou 2019 | natural language inference question answering | multilingual language model machine translation | parameter (zero-shot) label (LT model) label (LS model) | ✖ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Universal Neural Machine Translation for Extremely Low Resource Languages. Jiatao Gu, Hany Hassan, Jacob Devlin, Victor O.K. Li 2018 | machine translation | multilingual word embeddings | parameter (joint learning) | ✓ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Unsupervised Cross-lingual Representation Learning at Scale. Alexis Conneau, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman Goyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wenzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle Ott, Luke Zettlemoyer, Veselin Stoyanov 2019 | natural language inference question answering named entity recognition | multilingual language model machine translation | parameter (zero-shot) parameter (joint learning) label (LS model) label (LT model) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Unsupervised Multilingual Grammar Induction. Benjamin Snyder, Tahira Naseem, Regina Barzilay 2009 | constituency parsing | parallel corpus word alignments delexicalization | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Unsupervised Multilingual Learning for Morphological Segmentation. Benjamin Snyder, Regina Barzilay 2008 | morphological segmentation | parallel corpus word alignments | parameter (joint learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| Unsupervised Part-of-Speech Tagging with Bilingual Graph-Based Projections. Dipanjan Das, Slav Petrov 2011 | part-of-speech tagging | parallel corpus | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Unsupervised Structure Prediction with Non-Parallel Multilingual Guidance. Shay B. Cohen, Dipanjan Das, Noah A. Smith 2011 | part-of-speech tagging dependency parsing | delexicalization | parameter (cascade learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Weakly Supervised Cross-Lingual Named Entity Recognition via Effective Annotation and Representation Projection. Jian Ni, Georgiana Dinu, Radu Florian 2017 | named entity recognition | parallel corpus word alignments multilingual word embeddings | label (LT model) parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| What Can We Get From 1000 Tokens A Case Study of Multilingual POS Tagging For Resource-Poor Languages. Long Duong, Trevor Cohn, Karin Verspoor, Steven Bird, Paul Cook 2014 | part-of-speech tagging | parallel corpus word alignments | label (LT model) | ✖ | ✖ | ✖ |
| XNLI Evaluating Cross-lingual Sentence Representations. Alexis Conneau, Ruty Rinott, Guillaume Lample, Adina Williams, Samuel Bowman, Holger Schwenk, Veselin Stoyanov 2018 | natural language inference | machine translation multilingual word embeddings parallel corpus | label (LT model) label (LS model) parameter (zero-shot) representation | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Zero-Resource Translation with Multi-Lingual Neural Machine Translation. Orhan Firat, Baskaran Sankaran, Yaser Al-Onaizan, Yarman Vural, Fatos T., Kyunghyun Cho 2016 | machine translation | parameter (cascade learning) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ | |
| Zero-resource Dependency Parsing Boosting Delexicalized Cross-lingual Transfer with Linguistic Knowledge. Lauriane Aufrant, Guillaume Wisniewski, François Yvon 2016 | dependency parsing | delexicalization language features | parameter (zero-shot) | ✓ | ✖ | ✓ |
| Zero-shot Dependency Parsing with Pre-trained Multilingual Sentence Representations. Ke Tran, Arianna Bisazza 2019 | dependency parsing | multilingual language model | parameter (zero-shot) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Zero-shot Neural Transfer for Cross-lingual Entity Linking. Shruti Rijhwani, Jiateng Xie, Graham Neubig, Jaime G. Carbonell 2018 | entity linking | phonetic features | parameter (zero-shot) | ✖ | ✖ | ✓ |